The mass of the moon is taken as \(7.35 \times 10^{22}\) kg. as the gravitational field at the surface of the Earth. On Earth, blood pressure is usually higher in the feet than in the head, because the higher column of blood exerts a downward force on it, due to gravity. There is also a corresponding loss of bone mass. For v=0 and h=0 we will have the following: Picture. Since the object is thrown upwards, its acceleration equals the negative of acceleration due to gravity. The mass mm of the object cancels, leaving an equation for gg: So MM can be calculated because all quantities on the right, including the radius of Earth rr, are known from direct measurements. figure out what this value is when we use a universal And then you're dividing for the bulk of this. (a) What is the acceleration due to gravity on the Moon b) How much would a 4.03 kg person weigh on this planet. Well! Direct link to telumhomo's post what happens to accelerat, Posted 10 years ago. We imagine that a pendulum clock which operates nicely on the Earth in that the hour hand goes around once every hour is then put on the Moon where the acceleration due to gravity is 1.63 meters per second squared and the question is how much time will it take for the hour hand to go around once when this clock is on the Moon? Our team of teachers is here to help you with whatever you need. of mass of Earth and the center of mass of this object, This matter is compressed and heated as it is sucked into the black hole, creating light and X-rays observable from Earth. The tides are cased by the difference in gravitational force between the near and far sides of the Earth. . Solution: On the surface of the moon, the distance to the center of mass will be the same as the radius. That's the radius of the Earth. These have masses greater than the Sun but have diameters only a few kilometers across. ?i mean why distance squared and not just distance? 2003-2023 Chegg Inc. All rights reserved. The acceleration due to gravity on the moon is 1/6 of its value on earth. well, what's going on here? Du Chtelet, who had earlier laid the foundation for the understanding of conservation of energy as well as the principle that light had no mass, translated and augmented Newton's key work. Prominent French scientist and philosopher milie du Chtelet helped establish Newton's theory in France and mainland Europe. towards the center of the Earth in this case. Can a nuclear winter reverse global warming? [1] However, the actual acceleration of a body in free fall varies with location. Express your answer with the appropriate units. 94% of StudySmarter users get better grades. At what height gravity is zero? She also utilized calculus to explain gravity, which helped lead to its acceptance. Easy Solution Verified by Toppr Acceleration due to gravity at a height= (R+h) 2GM = (1740+1000) 210 66.6710 117.410 22 = 2740274010 649.35810 11 a) How much farther did the ball travel on the moon than it would have on . Acceleration due to gravity on the surface of earth, g = 9.8 m s -2. What is the acceleration due to gravity on this moon? (b) Calculate the centripetal acceleration needed to keep the Moon in its orbit (assuming a circular orbit about a fixed Earth), and compare it with the value of the acceleration due to Earths gravity that you have just found. Our expert instructors are here to help, in real-time. in SI units. (b) Their center of mass orbits the Sun in an elliptical orbit, but Earths path around the Sun has wiggles in it. essentially in free fall. A state in which a body moves solely under the influence of the earth's gravity is known as free fall. Math can be tough to wrap your head around, but with a little practice, it can be a breeze! magnitude of the acceleration, which this really is-- I On the moon, the acceleration due to gravity is 1.6 m/sec. The radius of the Moons nearly circular orbit is 3.84108m3.84108m. Home. Direct link to abhilasha singh's post What is a Gravitational W, Posted 10 years ago. Use a free body diagram in your answer. Assume the orbit to be circular and 720 km above the surface of the Moon, where the acceleration due to gravity is 0.839 m/s2. Math can be a difficult subject for many people, but it doesn't have to be! Calculate the acceleration due to gravity on the Moon. We use the relationship F = m x a, adapted for Weight: W = m x g Weight is the force, m is the mass and g is the acceleration of gravity. Weight of the Astronaut on moon , Wm=160NWm=mgm=160m=160g . If an object is thrown vertically upward on the Moon, how many times higher will it go than it would on Earth, assuming the same initial velocity? 1999-2023, Rice University. A star orbiting on the galaxys periphery is about 6.0104 light-years from its center. it to the value that the textbooks Newtons universal law of gravitation and his laws of motion answered very old questions about nature and gave tremendous support to the notion of underlying simplicity and unity in nature. Address Find the slope of the line shown in the graph below, How to find the derivative of a graph calculator, How to find the test statistic chi square, How to find x intercept of a function graph, Particular solution differential equations calculator. g is referred to as acceleration due to gravity. It is a force that acts at a distance, without physical contact, and is expressed by a formula that is valid everywhere in the universe, for masses and distances that vary from the tiny to the immense. Two friends are having a conversation. What is the acceleration due to gravity in Moon? . Let's just round. what happens to acceleration due to gravity when we go deeper into earth ?? Cavendish-type experiments such as those of Eric Adelberger and others at the University of Washington, have also put severe limits on the possibility of a fifth force and have verified a major prediction of general relativitythat gravitational energy contributes to rest mass. Find the acceleration due to gravity of the moon at a point 1000km above the moon's surface. The Sun also affects tides, although it has about half the effect of the Moon. But if you want So let's get my calculator out. For example, when a leaf falls from a tree under the effect of gravity, acceleration is produced in it due to gravity. The difference for the moon is 2.2 10 6 m/s 2 whereas for the sun the difference is 1.0 10 6 m/s 2. Because if you then you must include on every physical page the following attribution: If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a digital format, You can experience short periods of weightlessness in some rides in amusement parks. kilometers, which is the same thing as universal law of gravitation is just going to be this Gravity is a universal phenomenon and is introduced by Newton and Derived the expression for gravitational force. General relativity alters our view of gravitation, leading us to think of gravitation as bending space and time. where mm is the mass of the object, MM is the mass of Earth, and rr is the distance to the center of Earth (the distance between the centers of mass of the object and Earth). mass, you're going to get the magnitude It's going to be the 2-32 in terms of velocity, acceleration, etc. And so let's get our drum roll. Calculate the magnitude of the acceleration of Io due Evaluating the gravitational acceleration on the moon What is the acceleration due to gravity on this moon? multiply that times the mass of Earth, which From what height above the top of the window did the stone fall? Cavendishs experiment was very difficult because he measured the tiny gravitational attraction between two ordinary-sized masses (tens of kilograms at most), using apparatus like that in Figure 6.25. Or it is maximum on the surface? Dr. Eugene M. Shoemaker, NASA. Show more (6-27) Calculate the period of a satellite. The mass of the moon is 7.410 22kg and its radius is 1740km. Direct link to The Last Guy's post Hypothetically, would two, Posted 10 years ago. Keep time. which I've looked up over here. second squared. . Direct link to Andris's post It increases as you get c, Posted 8 years ago. And I have a g right over here. universal law of gravitation to figure out what the Note that the units of GG are such that a force in newtons is obtained from F=GmMr2F=GmMr2, when considering masses in kilograms and distance in meters. }}^{}}\), Gravitational acceleration on mars \({{\rm{a}}_{{\rm{mars}}}}{\rm{ = ? If not, explain. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. The final velocity of the object becomes zero, i.e., v'=0 ms-1. Conservation of momentum and Newton's 3rd law explain how the rocket will move in the opposite direction of that mass expulsion. Stated in modern language, Newtons universal law of gravitation states that every particle in the universe attracts every other particle with a force along a line joining them. It took the work of another prominent philosopher, writer, and scientist, milie du Chtelet, to establish the Newtonian gravitation as the accurate and overarching law. So one of these masses What is the acceleration due to gravity at the space station. Direct link to mei mens invictus est's post How did Newton discover t, Posted 8 years ago. The Acceleration Due to Gravity calculator computes the acceleration due to gravity (g) based on the mass of the body (m), the radius of the. Such calculations are used to imply the existence of dark matter in the universe and have indicated, for example, the existence of very massive black holes at the centers of some galaxies. Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity of an object in time. Interestingly, of all the fundamental constants in physics, GG is by far the least well determined. Gravity is another example of underlying simplicity in nature. We do not sense the Moons effect on Earths motion, because the Moons gravity moves our bodies right along with Earth but there are other signs on Earth that clearly show the effect of the Moons gravitational force as discussed in Satellites and Kepler's Laws: An Argument for Simplicity. Because now we're placing the The different layers of the by radius squared. and we obtain a value for the acceleration of a falling body: This is the expected value and is independent of the bodys mass. [Hint: First try to duplicate the motion plotted by walking or moving your hand.]. Because over here, Recall that the acceleration due to gravity gg is about 9.80 m/s29.80 m/s2 on Earth. So the water on the side of Earth closest to the Moon is pulled away from Earth, and Earth is pulled away from water on the far side. We reviewed their content and use your feedback to keep the quality high. There is a negative sign in front of the equation because objects in free fall always fall downwards toward the center of the object. And what do we get? A Hungarian scientist named Roland von Etvs pioneered this inquiry early in the 20th century. as 6,371,000 meters. Rate of acceleration due to gravity calculator - Rate of acceleration due to gravity calculator is a mathematical tool that helps to solve math equations. g is referred to as acceleration due to gravity. The weight of an astronaut plus his space suit on the Moon is only 160 N. How much (in N ) do they weigh on Earth? The reason it is zero is because there is equal mass surrounding you in all directions so the gravity is pulling you equally in all directions causing the net force on you to be zero. On this small-scale, do gravitational effects depart from the inverse square law? Estimate the maximum playing time of such a CD. If so, give an example. (credit: NASA), Cavendish used an apparatus like this to measure the gravitational attraction between the two suspended spheres (, Satellites and Kepler's Laws: An Argument for Simplicity, https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/1-introduction-to-science-and-the-realm-of-physics-physical-quantities-and-units, https://openstax.org/books/college-physics-2e/pages/6-5-newtons-universal-law-of-gravitation, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. See Figure 6.18. Best study tips and tricks for your exams. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do It's going to be 6,000-- But don't worry, there are ways to clarify the problem and find the solution. And we get 9.8. Step 3. And it definitely does In the following example, we make a comparison similar to one made by Newton himself. It increases as you get closer to the mass center of Earth. GG is a universal gravitational constantthat is, it is thought to be the same everywhere in the universe. Best study tips and tricks for your exams. What is the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of Mars? that mass due to gravity. How do you find acceleration due to gravity with mass and radius? The force is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. His forerunner Galileo Galilei had contended that falling bodies and planetary motions had the same cause. The acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the Moon is approximately 1.625 m/s2, about 16.6% that on Earth's surface or 0.166 . Similar wiggles in the paths of stars have been observed and are considered direct evidence of planets orbiting those stars. If you wanted the acceleration, It is known as the acceleration of gravity - the acceleration for any object moving under the sole influence of gravity. In general, topography-controlled isostasy drives the short wavelength free-air gravity anomalies. the mass of the Earth, which is in kilograms. The acceleration g varies by about 1/2 of 1 percent with position on Earths surface, from about 9.78 metres per second per second at the Equator to approximately 9.83 metres per second per second at the poles. Solving problems can be confusing, but with the right guidance How to find acceleration due to gravity calculator it's easier than ever! Formula for Acceleration Due to Gravity These two laws lead to the most useful form of the formula for calculating acceleration due to gravity: g = G*M/R^2, where g is the acceleration due to gravity, G is the universal gravitational constant, M is mass, and R is distance. there's not gravity is that this space Sally thinks she has an easy win and so, during the remaining portion of the race, decelerates at a constant rate of 0.4 ms-2 to the finish line. There is no zero gravity in an astronauts orbit. The acceleration due to gravity on the Earth's surface due to the sun is 178 times that due to the moon. law of gravitation. What is the effect of weightlessness upon an astronaut who is in orbit for months? Acceleration Due To Gravity When a projectile is in the air, under ideal conditions, it's acceleration is around 9.8 m/s down most places on the surface of the earth. This is College Physics Answers with Shaun Dychko. right over here and this M2 cancels out. sides times mass. of the space station, r is going to be not gravity is in meters cubed per kilogram Well, you can't see the And if it is so how does the rocket move in the space where there is nothing to be pushed or to exert force? Concept: The acceleration due to gravity on the earth's surface, \(g=\frac{GM}{R^2}\) where, G = universal gravitational constant, M = mass of the earth, and R = radius of the earth. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. However, on a positive note, studies indicate that microbial antibiotic production can increase by a factor of two in space-grown cultures. What is the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of moon Class 9? Learn how to calculate the acceleration due to gravity on a planet, star, or moon with our tool! gravitational constant times the mass of the Earth m 2 /kg 2 M moon = 7.35 10 22 kg and R moon = 1.738 10 6 m gmoon = GMmoon / Rmoon2 = (6.67 10 11 ) (7.35 10 22 )/ (1.738 10 6 ) 2 m/s 2 => gmoon= 1.62 m/s2 Direct link to L.Nihil kulasekaran's post Well! Free and expert-verified textbook solutions. Acceleration due to. that its center of mass is right at the surface. - 12947611 Haddy6277 Haddy6277 07/12/2019 value we get when we actually use Newton's law of Substituting mg for FF in Newtons universal law of gravitation gives. Step 1. And then what I want to do We imagine that a pendulum clock which operates nicely on the Earth in that the hour hand goes around once every hour is then put on the Moon where the acceleration due to gravity is 1.63 meters per second squared and the question is how much time will it take for the hour hand to go around once when this clock is on the Moon? because Earth is not a uniform sphere College Physics Answers is the best source for learning problem solving skills with expert solutions to the OpenStax College Physics and College Physics for AP Courses textbooks. That depends on where , Posted 5 years ago. measure effective gravity, there's also a little bit of a This is College Physics Answers with Shaun Dychko. And what I want to citation tool such as, Authors: Paul Peter Urone, Roger Hinrichs. i kg What is the mass (in kg ) on Earth? You can save time by doing things more efficiently. When an object falls freely from some height on the surface of the Earth, a force acts on it due to the gravity of the Earth. On a somewhat negative note, spaceflight is known to affect the human immune system, possibly making the crew members more vulnerable to infectious diseases. Time period of a simple pendulum on earth, T = 3.5 s `T = 2pisqrt(1/g)` Where l is the length of the pendulum `:.l = T^2/(2pi)^2 xx g` `=(3.5)^2/(4xx(3.14)^2) xx 9.8 m` The length of the pendulum remains . we get to an altitude that the space shuttle or the The tidal forces near them are so great that they can actually tear matter from a companion star. Most physics books will tell different interactions. The mass mm of the object cancels, leaving an equation for gg: Substituting known values for Earths mass and radius (to three significant figures). The acceleration due to gravity at the surface of Earthis represented by the letter g. It has a standard value defined as 9.80665 m/s2(32.1740 ft/s2). plummet to Earth due to this, due to the force of gravity, Astronomical observations of our Milky Way galaxy indicate that it has a mass of about 8.01011 solar masses. Direct link to obiwan kenobi's post 1. Many interesting biology and physics topics have been studied over the past three decades in the presence of microgravity. Direct link to Andrew M's post If the object is stationa, Posted 8 years ago. textbooks give us. we're going to add 400 to this-- 6,771 the Earth is just going to be the Sign up for free to discover our expert answers. Why does Earth not remain stationary as the Moon orbits it? and you must attribute OpenStax. The mass of Mars is \({\bf{6}}. Learn how to calculate the acceleration due to gravity on a planet, star, or moon with our tool! Gravity keeps us with our feet on the grounds: you can calculate the acceleration due to gravity, a quantity defining the feeling of weight, the speed of falling objects, and many more things surprisingly quickly. The weight of a body on earth is 98 N, where the acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m s 2. buoyancy effect from the air. And that's what accounts One hopes to be able to understand these mechanisms so that similar successes can be achieved on the ground. will stay the same, but the radius is now between two objects-- is equal to the universal If thrown with the same initial speed, the object will go six times higher on the Moon than Earth. like there's not gravity or it looks like Requested URL: byjus.com/question-answer/the-weight-of-a-body-on-earth-is-98-n-where-the-acceleration-due-to-1/, User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.3; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/103.0.0.0 Safari/537.36. Suppose he hits the ball with a speed of 18 m/s at an angle 45 degrees above the horizontal. way, what I'm curious about is what is the is equal to acceleration. 6,371 kilometers. And I'm going to exaggerate Describe the gravitational effect of the Moon on Earth. (a) What should the orbital period of that star be? So this is 6.6738 times The most extreme tides occur where the gravitational force is the strongest and varies most rapidly, such as near black holes (see Figure 6.23). . The Cavendish experiment is also used to explore other aspects of gravity. The Moons surface gravity is weaker because it is far less massive than Earth. hang out, give or take a little bit, depending You're left with meters consent of Rice University. Do they hit the floor at the same time? or someone sitting in the space station, they're going to So then we get 6.7. sides by that mass. second squared. Strategy for (a) discrepancy between what the universal law of of the acceleration. (6-2) Calculate the acceleration due to gravity on the Moon. Direct link to rplvpara's post If you were in a space st, Posted 7 years ago. the force of gravity on Earth. Thus there are two tides per day (the actual tidal period is about 12 hours and 25.2 minutes), because the Moon moves in its orbit each day as well). The radius of the Moon's nearly circular orbit is 3.8410^8 m . Posted 11 years ago. Is gravitational acceleration the same on the moon? The Moons surface gravity is about 1/6th as powerful or about, Home. An astronaut's pack weighs \( 18.5 \mathrm{~N} \) when she is on earth but only \( 3.84 \mathrm{~N} \) when she is at the surface of moon. In metric units, on Earth, the acceleration due to gravity is 9.81 meters/sec^2, so on the Sun, that would be. Tamang sagot sa tanong: jorge has a mass of 120 kg on earth what is her weight on the moon where the acceleration due to gravity is 1/6 that of earth ? Acceleration due to gravity is a vector, which means it has both a magnitudeand a direction. do in this video is figure out if this is the per second squared. This implies that, on Earth, the velocity of an object under free fall will increase by 9.8 every second. Sometimes this is also viewed been enough to change this. by meters squared. radius of the Earth. What is acceleration due to gravity independent of? Let's divide both not have uniform density. (c) Neap tide: The lowest tides occur when the Sun lies at. force of gravity between two objects-- and let's just The only reason why it feels When standing, 70% of your blood is below the level of the heart, while in a horizontal position, just the opposite occurs. The acceleration of gravity equals the force of gravity acting on a unit mass object, according to Newton's second law. We do a whole video The clear implication is that Earths gravitational force causes the Moon to orbit Earth. Newton found that the two accelerations agreed pretty nearly.. The distance between the centers of the neighbouring spiral windings is 1.6m=1.610-6m. (a) Determine the total length of the spiral into a straight path [Hint: Imagine unwinding the spiral and the straight path of width 1.6m, and note that the original spiral and the straight path both occupy the same area.]. This means that most people who have used this product are very satisfied with it. We get 8.69 meters the acceleration due to gravity at the (a) The gravitational acceleration on the moon is \({{\rm{a}}_{\rm{m}}}{\rm{ = 1}}{\rm{.63 m/}}{{\rm{s}}^{\rm{2}}}\). In turn, as seen above, the distribution of matter determines the shape of the surface on which the potential is constant. So now the acceleration here is And for the sake of And we're going to One of the most interesting questions is whether the gravitational force depends on substance as well as massfor example, whether one kilogram of lead exerts the same gravitational pull as one kilogram of water. Researchers have observed that muscles will atrophy (waste away) in this environment. The mass of Io is 8.92*10 22 kilograms and the mass of Jupiter is 1.9*10 27 kilograms. That is 5.9722 times due to that force. {\bf{38}} \times {\bf{1}}{{\bf{0}}^{\bf{6}}}{\bf{m}}\). The acceleration due to gravity at the surface of the moon is, The centripetal acceleration of the moon is, What is the acceleration due to gravity in Moon? Math is a challenging subject for many students, but with practice and persistence, anyone can learn to figure out complex equations. 94% of StudySmarter users get better grades. Ocean tides are one very observable result of the Moons gravity acting on Earth. the acceleration, we just have to N What is the mass (in kg ) on the Moon? And this is an approximation. That depends on where the astronaut is between the two stars. minor effects, irregularities. Of immediate concern is the effect on astronauts of extended times in outer space, such as at the International Space Station. Step 2:. . Now, with that out of the of our acceleration due to gravity using Newton's This is an extraordinarily small force. And I just want to make Find out the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the moon. Attempts are still being made to understand the gravitational force. how hard it is to climb out of the well). Calculate the length of the second's pendulum on the surface of the moon when acceleration due to gravity on the moon is 1.63 ms2. The radius of the Moon is; AN astronaut on the Moon has a mass (including his spacesuit and equipment) of 180 kg. The centripetal acceleration of the moon is v2/r. We are unaware that even large objects like mountains exert gravitational forces on us. M is the mass of the massive body measured using kg. mass right over here. If the radius of the moon is 1.74 106 m. Find the mass of the moon. the way, let's actually use a calculator to And then you also, if you If an elevator cable breaks, the passengers inside will be in free fall and will experience weightlessness. In fact, the same force causes planets to orbit the Sun, stars to orbit the center of the galaxy, and galaxies to cluster together. If the astronaut is at the right place, the astronaut will not accelerate at all. is actually a simplifying thing is that these two, this M2 If you're looking for support from expert teachers, you've come to the right place. 10 to the 24th. is the other mass. the force of gravity on Earth, this one For example, when a leaf falls from a tree under the effect of gravity . Astronauts experiencing weightlessness on board the International Space Station. right over here. Understanding the gravitational acceleration In this problem, the relation of acceleration due to gravity at any location on the planet's surface will be utilized. However, the largest tides, called spring tides, occur when Earth, the Moon, and the Sun are aligned. are licensed under a, Introduction: The Nature of Science and Physics, Introduction to Science and the Realm of Physics, Physical Quantities, and Units, Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures, Introduction to One-Dimensional Kinematics, Motion Equations for Constant Acceleration in One Dimension, Problem-Solving Basics for One-Dimensional Kinematics, Graphical Analysis of One-Dimensional Motion, Introduction to Two-Dimensional Kinematics, Kinematics in Two Dimensions: An Introduction, Vector Addition and Subtraction: Graphical Methods, Vector Addition and Subtraction: Analytical Methods, Dynamics: Force and Newton's Laws of Motion, Introduction to Dynamics: Newtons Laws of Motion, Newtons Second Law of Motion: Concept of a System, Newtons Third Law of Motion: Symmetry in Forces, Normal, Tension, and Other Examples of Forces, Further Applications of Newtons Laws of Motion, Extended Topic: The Four Basic ForcesAn Introduction, Further Applications of Newton's Laws: Friction, Drag, and Elasticity, Introduction: Further Applications of Newtons Laws, Introduction to Uniform Circular Motion and Gravitation, Fictitious Forces and Non-inertial Frames: The Coriolis Force, Satellites and Keplers Laws: An Argument for Simplicity, Introduction to Work, Energy, and Energy Resources, Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy Theorem, Introduction to Linear Momentum and Collisions, Collisions of Point Masses in Two Dimensions, Applications of Statics, Including Problem-Solving Strategies, Introduction to Rotational Motion and Angular Momentum, Dynamics of Rotational Motion: Rotational Inertia, Rotational Kinetic Energy: Work and Energy Revisited, Collisions of Extended Bodies in Two Dimensions, Gyroscopic Effects: Vector Aspects of Angular Momentum, Variation of Pressure with Depth in a Fluid, Gauge Pressure, Absolute Pressure, and Pressure Measurement, Cohesion and Adhesion in Liquids: Surface Tension and Capillary Action, Fluid Dynamics and Its Biological and Medical Applications, Introduction to Fluid Dynamics and Its Biological and Medical Applications, The Most General Applications of Bernoullis Equation, Viscosity and Laminar Flow; Poiseuilles Law, Molecular Transport Phenomena: Diffusion, Osmosis, and Related Processes, Temperature, Kinetic Theory, and the Gas Laws, Introduction to Temperature, Kinetic Theory, and the Gas Laws, Kinetic Theory: Atomic and Molecular Explanation of Pressure and Temperature, Introduction to Heat and Heat Transfer Methods, The First Law of Thermodynamics and Some Simple Processes, Introduction to the Second Law of Thermodynamics: Heat Engines and Their Efficiency, Carnots Perfect Heat Engine: The Second Law of Thermodynamics Restated, Applications of Thermodynamics: Heat Pumps and Refrigerators, Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics: Disorder and the Unavailability of Energy, Statistical Interpretation of Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics: The Underlying Explanation, Introduction to Oscillatory Motion and Waves, Hookes Law: Stress and Strain Revisited, Simple Harmonic Motion: A Special Periodic Motion, Energy and the Simple Harmonic Oscillator, Uniform Circular Motion and Simple Harmonic Motion, Speed of Sound, Frequency, and Wavelength, Sound Interference and Resonance: Standing Waves in Air Columns, Introduction to Electric Charge and Electric Field, Static Electricity and Charge: Conservation of Charge, Electric Field: Concept of a Field Revisited, Conductors and Electric Fields in Static Equilibrium, Introduction to Electric Potential and Electric Energy, Electric Potential Energy: Potential Difference, Electric Potential in a Uniform Electric Field, Electrical Potential Due to a Point Charge, Electric Current, Resistance, and Ohm's Law, Introduction to Electric Current, Resistance, and Ohm's Law, Ohms Law: Resistance and Simple Circuits, Alternating Current versus Direct Current, Introduction to Circuits and DC Instruments, DC Circuits Containing Resistors and Capacitors, Magnetic Field Strength: Force on a Moving Charge in a Magnetic Field, Force on a Moving Charge in a Magnetic Field: Examples and Applications, Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor, Torque on a Current Loop: Motors and Meters, Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents: Amperes Law, Magnetic Force between Two Parallel Conductors, Electromagnetic Induction, AC Circuits, and Electrical Technologies, Introduction to Electromagnetic Induction, AC Circuits and Electrical Technologies, Faradays Law of Induction: Lenzs Law, Maxwells Equations: Electromagnetic Waves Predicted and Observed, Introduction to Vision and Optical Instruments, Limits of Resolution: The Rayleigh Criterion, *Extended Topic* Microscopy Enhanced by the Wave Characteristics of Light, Photon Energies and the Electromagnetic Spectrum, Probability: The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, Discovery of the Parts of the Atom: Electrons and Nuclei, Applications of Atomic Excitations and De-Excitations, The Wave Nature of Matter Causes Quantization, Patterns in Spectra Reveal More Quantization, Introduction to Radioactivity and Nuclear Physics, Introduction to Applications of Nuclear Physics, The Yukawa Particle and the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle Revisited, Particles, Patterns, and Conservation Laws.