The Huguenot Society of America has headquarters in New York City and has a broad national membership. The ties between Huguenots and the Dutch Republic's military and political leadership, the House of Orange-Nassau, which existed since the early days of the Dutch Revolt, helped support the many early settlements of Huguenots in the Dutch Republic's colonies. The WikiTree Huguenot Migration Project defines "Huguenot" to include any French-speaking Protestants (whatever branch or denomination) that left (emigrated from) their homeland (France or borderlands such as Provence, Navarre or the Spanish-Netherlands - today's Belgium) due to religious persecution or intolerance. Kathy is a member of the Huguenot Society. ), was in common use by the mid-16th century. Research genealogy for Alma Levi Russell Russell, as well as other members of the Russell family, on Ancestry. The battle between Huguenots and Catholics in France also . Numerous signs of Huguenot presence can still be seen with names still in use, and with areas of the main towns and cities named after the people who settled there. Anglicised names such as Tyzack, Henzey and Tittery are regularly found amongst the early glassmakers, and the region went on to become one of the most important glass regions in the country.[106]. The Huguenot Society of America maintains the Manakin Episcopal Church in Virginia as a historic shrine with occasional services. By the end of the sixteenth century, Huguenots constituted 7-8% of the whole population, or 1.2million people. They organised their first national synod in 1558 in Paris.[40]. [88][89][90] Many others went to the American colonies, especially South Carolina. The Huguenots did not enslave people in France or Germany, but they soon took up the practice in their new homeland. Joseph de la Plaigne - Just one Huguenot refugee, Muriel Gibbs 14 Connected families from Dieppe 1688 - Bertrand, De La Mare, Lubias 16 Calendars of State Papers (Domestic) Part I, Randolph Vigne 17 The Dansays Family of St. Laurent-de-la-Pre (illustrated), Norman Bishop 18 The Temple of Quvilly, Rouen, Part I, Chris Shelley 21 The Huguenot Church Register of Pons, France: Possible . After petitioning the British Crown in 1697 for the right to own land in the Baronies, they prospered as slave owners on the Cooper, Ashepoo, Ashley and Santee River plantations they purchased from the British Landgrave Edmund Bellinger. I'll say a word about it to settle the doubts of those who have strayed in seeking its origin. The Dutch as part of New Amsterdam later claimed this land, along with New York and the rest of New Jersey. The label Huguenot was purportedly first applied in France to those conspirators (all of them aristocratic members of the Reformed Church) who were involved in the Amboise plot of 1560: a foiled attempt to wrest power in France from the influential and zealously Catholic House of Guise. Effects. The last Afrikaner President was named F. W. de Klerk, his surname being a form of Le Clerc. Indeed, some of the Pettit names from the city of Metz and the other French provinces (dpartements) near the borders with Switzerland and Germany were Huguenots (Fr. With the precedent of a historical alliancethe Auld Alliancebetween Scotland and France; Huguenots were mostly welcomed to, and found refuge in the nation from around the year 1700. Huguenot immigrants settled throughout pre-colonial America, including in New Amsterdam (New York City), some 21 miles north of New York in a town which they named New Rochelle, and some further upstate in New Paltz. A number of French Huguenots settled in Wales, in the upper Rhymney valley of the current Caerphilly County Borough. Other founding families created enterprises based on textiles and such traditional Huguenot occupations in France. The "Huguenot Street Historic District" in New Paltz has been designated a National Historic Landmark site and contains one of the oldest streets in the United States of America. Gallicised into Huguenot, often used deprecatingly, the word became, during two and a half centuries of terror and triumph, a badge of enduring honour and courage. The uprising occurred a decade following the death of Henry IV, who was assassinated by a Catholic fanatic in 1610. Their names were Bevier, Hasbrouck, DuBois, Deyo, LeFever, and others. He wrote in his book, The Days of the Upright, A History of the Huguenots (1965), that Huguenot is: a combination of a Dutch and a German word. Genealogical Publishing Company, Published: 1885, Reprinted: 1998. and. Huguenots with that surname are not only found in French Switzerland, but also emigrated from . Examples include: Blignaut, Cilliers, Cronje (Cronier), de Klerk (Le Clercq), de Villiers, du Plessis, Du Preez (Des Pres), du Randt (Durand), du Toit, Duvenhage (Du Vinage), Franck, Fouch, Fourie (Fleurit), Gervais, Giliomee (Guilliaume), Gous/Gouws (Gauch), Hugo, Jordaan (Jourdan), Joubert, Kriek, Labuschagne (la Buscagne), le Roux, Lombard, Malan, Malherbe, Marais, Maree, Minnaar (Mesnard), Nel (Nell), Naud, Nortj (Nortier), Pienaar (Pinard), Retief (Retif), Roux, Rossouw (Rousseau), Taljaard (Taillard), TerBlanche, Theron, Viljoen (Vilion) and Visagie (Visage). While many family histories are given at length . The implication that the style of lace known as 'Bucks Point' demonstrates a Huguenot influence, being a "combination of Mechlin patterns on Lille ground",[102] is fallacious: what is now known as Mechlin lace did not develop until the first half of the eighteenth century and lace with Mechlin patterns and Lille ground did not appear until the end of the 18th century, when it was widely copied throughout Europe. The warfare was definitively quelled in 1598, when Henry of Navarre, having succeeded to the French throne as Henry IV, and having recanted Protestantism in favour of Roman Catholicism in order to obtain the French crown, issued the Edict of Nantes. The availability of the Bible in vernacular languages was important to the spread of the Protestant movement and development of the Reformed church in France. [79], The Huguenots originally spoke French on their arrival in the American colonies, but after two or three generations, they had switched to English. In 1709, when the Palatinates were living at St. Katherine's by the Tower, a beautiful church and hospital were located there as well, known as St. Katharine's Church. [22] A few families went to Orthodox Russia and Catholic Quebec. They were very successful at marriage and property speculation. The crown, occupied by the House of Valois, generally supported the Catholic side, but on occasion switched over to the Protestant cause when politically expedient. The Huguenots were French Protestants who were members of the Calvinist Reformed Church that was established in 1550. The Dutch Republic rapidly became a destination for Huguenot exiles. Other evidence of the Walloons and Huguenots in Canterbury includes a block of houses in Turnagain Lane, where weavers' windows survive on the top floor, as many Huguenots worked as weavers. The exodus of Huguenots from France created a brain drain, as many of them had occupied important places in society. Raymond P. Hylton, "The Huguenot Settlement at Portarlington, C. E. J. Caldicott, Hugh Gough, Jean-Paul Pittion (1987), Last edited on 28 February 2023, at 16:02, Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, gathered in each other's houses to study secretly, Protestant Reformed Church of Alsace and Lorraine, Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen of 1789, Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg, Church of St. Peter and St. Paul, Angermnde, George William, Duke of Brunswick-Lneburg, George Lunt, "Huguenot The origin and meaning of the name", "The National Huguenot Society - Who Were the Huguenots? The exodus brought new crafts and practices to the host nations and represented a substantial loss to the former nation states. The Catholic Church in France and many of its members opposed the Huguenots. If you know of more Huguenot family names in Australia, please email ozhug@optushome.com.au. Many Walloon and Huguenot families were granted asylum there. As the Huguenots gained influence and displayed their faith more openly, Roman Catholic hostility towards them grew, even though the French crown offered increasingly liberal political concessions and edicts of toleration. [54] An amnesty granted in 1573 pardoned the perpetrators. The Huguenots of religion were influenced by John Calvin's works and established Calvinist synods. They purchased from John Pell, Lord of Pelham Manor, a tract of land consisting of six thousand one hundred acres with the help of Jacob Leisler. [58], After this, the Huguenots (with estimates ranging from 200,000 to 1,000,000[5]) fled to Protestant countries: England, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Norway, Denmark, and Prussiawhose Calvinist Great Elector Frederick William welcomed them to help rebuild his war-ravaged and underpopulated country. The Manakintown Episcopal Church in Midlothian, Virginia serves as a National Huguenot Memorial. There have been many migrations in Europe since the Middle . However, these measures disguised the growing tensions between Protestants and Catholics. The community they created there is still known as Fleur de Lys (the symbol of France), an unusual French village name in the heart of the valleys of Wales. It's also the last name of Carmelita Jeter, an American sprinter who specializes in the 100 meter sprint. Page 449. An estimated 50,000 Protestant Walloons and Huguenots fled to England, about 10,000 of whom moved on to Ireland around the 1690s. Some Huguenot families have kept alive various traditions, such as the celebration and feast of their patron Saint Nicolas, similar to the Dutch Sint Nicolaas (Sinterklaas) feast. Horsley, Hartley Bridge, Gloucestershire, England; Popular names: Hanks The Portuguese executed them. [citation needed], In World War II, Huguenots led by Andr Trocm in the village of Le Chambon-sur-Lignon in Cvennes helped save many Jews. The community and its congregation remain active to this day, with descendants of many of the founding families still living in the region. In 1628 the Huguenots established a congregation as L'glise franaise la Nouvelle-Amsterdam (the French church in New Amsterdam). ", Michael Green, "Bridging the English Channel: Huguenots in the educational milieu of the English upper class.". It became one of the 100 foundational texts of the US Library of Congress. And yet another fact hard to deny is that the Huguenot French component seems to have persevered to a greater extent culturally than the German. A two-volume illustrated folio paraphrase version based on his manuscript, by Jean de Rly, was printed in Paris in 1487. Henry of Navarre and the House of Bourbon allied themselves to the Huguenots, adding wealth and territorial holdings to the Protestant strength, which at its height grew to sixty fortified cities, and posed a serious and continuous threat to the Catholic crown and Paris over the next three decades. 13 (Regiment on foot Varenne) and 15 (Regiment on foot Wylich). Most of the Huguenot congregations (or individuals) in North America eventually affiliated with other Protestant denominations with more numerous members. [9] Reguier de la Plancha (d. 1560) in his De l'Estat de France offered the following account as to the origin of the name, as cited by The Cape Monthly: Reguier de la Plancha accounts for it [the name] as follows: "The name huguenand was given to those of the religion during the affair of Amboyse, and they were to retain it ever since. [16] This is true for many areas in the west and south controlled by the Huguenot nobility. Joan Crawford (1905-1977), American actress, descended from the Huguenots, Dr Pierre Chastain and Chretien DuBois, on her father's side. Of the refugees who arrived on the Kent coast, many gravitated towards Canterbury, then the . Through the 18th and 19th centuries, descendants of the French migrated west into the Piedmont, and across the Appalachian Mountains into the West of what became Kentucky, Tennessee, Missouri, and other states. The French Huguenot Church of Charleston, which remains independent, is the oldest continuously active Huguenot congregation in the United States. The Edict simultaneously protected Catholic interests by discouraging the founding of new Protestant churches in Catholic-controlled regions. The Huguenots responded by establishing independent political and military structures, establishing diplomatic contacts with foreign powers, and openly revolting against central power. The Protestant Reformation began by Martin Luther in Germany . Wijsenbeek, Thera. They were persecuted by Catholic France, and about 300,000 Huguenots fled France for England, Holland, Switzerland, Prussia, and the Dutch and English colonies in the Americas. Today, there are some Reformed communities around the world that still retain their Huguenot identity. Some 40,000-50,000 settled in England, mostly in towns near the sea in the southern districts, with the largest concentration in London where they constituted about 5% of the total population in 1700. By 1700 one fifth of the city's population was French-speaking. Devoted to the history, biography, genealogy, poetry, folk-lore and general interests of the Pennsylvania Germans and their descendants. John Gano. Long integrated into Australian society, it is encouraged by the Huguenot Society of Australia to embrace and conserve its cultural heritage, aided by the Society's genealogical research services.[67]. The superstition of our ancestors, to within twenty or thirty years thereabouts, was such that in almost all the towns in the kingdom they had a notion that certain spirits underwent their Purgatory in this world after death, and that they went about the town at night, striking and outraging many people whom they found in the streets. [1][2][3], The remaining Huguenots faced continued persecution under Louis XV. Hello. The Hubert family name was found in the USA, the UK, Canada, and Scotland between 1840 and 1920. Francis initially protected the Huguenot dissidents from Parlementary measures seeking to exterminate them. [8] The prtendus rforms ('supposedly 'reformed'') were said to gather at night at Tours, both for political purposes, and for prayer and singing psalms. Other editions - View all. In Paris the spirit was called le moine bourr; at Orlans, le mulet odet; at Blois le loup garon; at Tours, le Roy Huguet; and so on in other places. Most of the cities in which the Huguenots gained a hold saw iconoclast riots in which altars and images in churches, and sometimes the buildings themselves torn down. By the time of his death in 1774, Calvinism had been nearly eliminated from France. While the Huguenot population was at one time fairly large, these names are not now common though they are still seen in some street names and The Huguenots of Guanabara, as they are now known, produced what is known as the Guanabara Confession of Faith to explain their beliefs. Another Huguenot cemetery is located off French Church Street in Cork. Other refugees practised the variety of occupations necessary to sustain the community as distinct from the indigenous population. See my info below about how to contact Alsace-Lorraine, the two provinces where many Huguenots once lived. Examples include the Huguenot District and French Church Street in Cork City; and D'Olier Street in Dublin, named after a High Sheriff and one of the founders of the Bank of Ireland. Surnames found in Ireland which date to time in the 16th and 17th centuries when French Huguenots or German Palatines fleeing religious persecution in their home countries came to Ireland. [103][104] The only reference to immigrant lacemakers in this period is of twenty-five widows who settled in Dover,[101] and there is no contemporary documentation to support there being Huguenot lacemakers in Bedfordshire. The collection includes family histories, a library, and a picture archive. The practice has continued to the present day. "Genealogical Research in Nova Scotia" by Terrance Punch - ISBN 1-55109-235-2 - Terry is a professionally accredited Canadian genealogist who specializes in immigration from Ireland, Germany and Montbliard (Huguenot Protestants French-Swiss border area). It includes links to books and societies that can help you find your ancestral name in France prior to the French Revolution, and it focuses on Protestant aristocratic families. ", Kurt Gingrich, "'That Will Make Carolina Powerful and Flourishing': Scots and Huguenots in Carolina in the 1680s. One of the most prominent Huguenot refugees in the Netherlands was Pierre Bayle. [citation needed], In the early 21st century, there were approximately one million Protestants in France, representing some 2% of its population. They settled at the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and New Netherland in North America. Assimilated, the French made numerous contributions to United States economic life, especially as merchants and artisans in the late Colonial and early Federal periods. A number of New Amsterdam's families were of Huguenot origin, often having immigrated as refugees to the Netherlands in the previous century. [87] London financed the emigration of many to England and its colonies around 1700. The first groups of German immigrants to the US began to arrive as early as the 1670s. Gt. "[64], In the 1920s and 1930s, members of the extreme-right Action Franaise movement expressed strong animus against Huguenots and other Protestants in general, as well as against Jews and Freemasons. Some of the earliest to arrive in Australia held prominent positions in English society, notably, Others who came later were from poorer families, migrating from England in the 19th and early 20th centuries to escape the poverty of. While most of the settlers in Volga (and later Black Sea) villages were German, there were also settlers from other European countries. This week's compilation, " France Huguenot Family Lineage Searches ," is designed to help you find your Protestant ancestors in 16 th to 18 th century France. Baird, Charles W. "History of the Huguenot Emigration to America." Janet Gray and other supporters of the hypothesis suggest that the name huguenote would be roughly equivalent to 'little Hugos', or 'those who want Hugo'.[6]. If you contact us without visiting the Museum the charge is 35 for up to two hours research, though we will discuss the likelihood of Huguenot ancestry with you, before taking your payment. In the 18th century Germany looked to France as the model of civilization. Family name was not found in records of the Huguenot Society several years ago, and little follow-up has been made since then, hence my interest in participating in this project. Some settlers landed in present-day Chesterfield County. Peter married into a family of physicians and had a son Peter jnr. Individual Huguenots settled at the Cape of Good Hope from as early as 1671; the first documented was the wagonmaker Franois Vilion (Viljoen). "[62], Foreign descendants of Huguenots lost the automatic right to French citizenship in 1945 (by force of the Ordonnance n 45-2441 du 19 octobre 1945, which revoked the 1889 Nationality Law). ", Roy A. Sundstrom, "French Huguenots and the Civil List, 1696-1727: A Study of Alien Assimilation in England. [4], A term used originally in derision, Huguenot has unclear origins. Today I'm compiling a book titled, A JOURNEY THROUGH TIME: The changing fortunes of the Petit Family. [36], Early in his reign, Francis I (r.15151547) persecuted the old, pre-Protestant movement of Waldensians in southeastern France. oo-geh-noh) or Protestants. The Count supported mercantilism and welcomed technically skilled immigrants into his lands, regardless of their religion. Louise de Coligny, daughter of the murdered Huguenot leader Gaspard de Coligny, married William the Silent, leader of the Dutch (Calvinist) revolt against Spanish (Catholic) rule. Around 1294, a French version of the Scriptures was prepared by the Roman Catholic priest, Guyard des Moulins. By 17 September, almost 25,000 Protestants had been massacred in Paris alone. Flemish and Huguenot surnames were common in Zeeland. . [French, from Old French huguenot, member of a Swiss political movement, alteration (influenced by Bezanson Hugues (c. du Pont, a former student of Lavoisier, established the Eleutherian gunpowder mills. Soon, they became enraged with the Dutch trading tactics, and drove out the settlers. Persecution diminished the number of Huguenots who remained in France. The surname Martin of French origin (see 1 above) is listed in the (US) National Huguenot Society's register of qualified . huguenotstreet.org is ranked #2002 in the Hobbies and Leisure > Ancestry and Genealogy category and #7843378 Globally according to January 2023 data. Paul Revere was descended from Huguenot refugees, as was Henry Laurens, who signed the Articles of Confederation for South Carolina. Frenchtown in New Jersey bears the mark of early settlers.[22]. [115] Although they did not settle in Scotland in such significant numbers as in other regions of Britain and Ireland, Huguenots have been romanticised, and are generally considered to have contributed greatly to Scottish culture. The term may have been a combined reference to the Swiss politician Besanon Hugues (died 1532) and the religiously conflicted nature of Swiss republicanism in his time. Updated on January 12, 2018. This ended legal recognition of Protestantism in France and the Huguenots were forced to either convert to Catholicism (possibly as Nicodemites) or flee as refugees; they were subject to violent dragonnades. However, in France, the name France is ranked the 2,810 th . They established a major weaving industry in and around Spitalfields (see Petticoat Lane and the Tenterground) in East London. By the start of the French and Indian War, the North American front of the Seven Years' War, a sizeable population of Huguenot descent lived in the British colonies, and many participated in the British defeat of New France in 17591760.[119]. Most of them agree that the Huguenot population reached as many as 10% of the total population, or roughly 2million people, on the eve of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in 1572. Prior to its establishment, Huguenots used the Cabbage Garden near the cathedral. Huguenot Church The origin of the name Huguenot is unknown but believed to have been derived from combining phrases in German and Flemish that described their practice of home worship. I know . [57], The revocation forbade Protestant services, required education of children as Catholics, and prohibited emigration. [78] Howard Hughes, famed investor, pilot, film director, and philanthropist, was also of Huguenot descent and descendant from Rev. The wars gradually took on a dynastic character, developing into an extended feud between the Houses of Bourbon and Guise, both of whichin addition to holding rival religious viewsstaked a claim to the French throne. Escalating, he instituted dragonnades, which included the occupation and looting of Huguenot homes by military troops, in an effort to forcibly convert them. Page 363. [11][12] By 1911, there was still no consensus in the United States on this interpretation. [16], Among the nobles, Calvinism peaked on the eve of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre. The surname Cordes is most commonly associated with Germany, Belgium, France and Spain. The Huguenot Society's organized tours have, since 1989, visited three towns which, from their foundation, were particular places of refuge for Huguenots. The bulk of Huguenot migrs moved to Protestant states such as the Dutch Republic, England and Wales, Protestant-controlled Ireland, the Channel Islands, Scotland, Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland, the electorates of Brandenburg and the Palatinate in the Holy Roman Empire, and the Duchy of Prussia. Among the Huguenots who left were a group of families from northern France, located near Calais, and what is now southern Belgium. Some Huguenot preachers and congregants were attacked as they attempted to meet for worship. They were regarded as groups supporting the French Republic, which Action Franaise sought to overthrow. Most South African Huguenots settled in the, The majority of Australians with French ancestry are descended from Huguenots. It sought an alliance between the city-state of Geneva and the Swiss Confederation. These included Languedoc-Roussillon, Gascony and even a strip of land that stretched into the Dauphin. [33] Since the Huguenots had political and religious goals, it was commonplace to refer to the Calvinists as "Huguenots of religion" and those who opposed the monarchy as "Huguenots of the state", who were mostly nobles.[34]. Huguenot, any of the Protestants in France in the 16th and 17th centuries, many of whom suffered severe persecution for their faith. Many settlers in Russia were French, or came from French-speaking areas of Europe. In 1700 several hundred French Huguenots migrated from England to the colony of Virginia, where the King William III of England had promised them land grants in Lower Norfolk County. Page 166. The French added to the existing immigrant population, then comprising about a third of the population of the city. Some members of this community emigrated to the United States in the 1890s. QC, in 1761. . The Huguenot population of France dropped to 856,000 by the mid-1660s, of which a plurality lived in rural areas. O. I. French became the language of the educated elite and of the court at Potsdam on the outskirts of Berlin. . [84] This was a huge influx as the entire population of the Dutch Republic amounted to c.2million at that time. In Geneva, Hugues, though Catholic, was a leader of the "Confederate Party", so called because it favoured independence from the Duke of Savoy. They were determined to end religious oppression. some French members of the largely German, Four-term Republican United States Representative. See our Huguenot Surname Cross Surname and Variations -- Christian Name Ag / Agee / Oage -- Matthieu Allaire -- Alexandre Alle / Alley / Alie / Alyer / d'Ailly -- Nicolas Although relatively large portions of the peasant population became Reformed there, the people, altogether, still remained majority Catholic.[16][19]. [112] Significant Huguenot settlements were in Dublin, Cork, Portarlington, Lisburn, Waterford and Youghal. [25][26], The first known translation of the Bible into one of France's regional languages, Arpitan or Franco-Provenal, had been prepared by the 12th-century pre-Protestant reformer Peter Waldo (Pierre de Vaux). Huguenots lived on the Atlantic coast in La Rochelle, and also spread across provinces of Normandy and Poitou. Many descendants of the French Huguenots in South Africa still . But many took the risk . For over 150 years, Huguenots were allowed to hold their services in Lady Chapel in St. Patrick's Cathedral. Use the search box to find a specific Family Name, Year, Location or Occupation. War at home again precluded a resupply mission, and the colony struggled. [105], Many Huguenots from the Lorraine region also eventually settled in the area around Stourbridge in the modern-day West Midlands, where they found the raw materials and fuel to continue their glassmaking tradition. Many of the farms in the Western Cape province in South Africa still bear French names. Thera Wijsenbeek, "Identity Lost: Huguenot refugees in the Dutch Republic and its former colonies in North America and South Africa, 1650 to 1750: a comparison". ), Swiss political leader) of dialectal eyguenot, from German dialectal Eidgenosse, confederate, from Middle High German eitgenz : eit . [39], Huguenot numbers grew rapidly between 1555 and 1561, chiefly amongst nobles and city dwellers. By 1692, a total of 201 French Huguenots had settled at the Cape of Good Hope. By 1687 Huguenots made up about 20 percent of the population of Berlin, making Berlin seem almost as much a French town as a German one. In the early 1700s, the Palatines , refugees from modern-day Germany, also came here. The first Huguenots to leave France sought freedom from persecution in Switzerland and the Netherlands. [16], Huguenots controlled sizeable areas in southern and western France. I.". Calvinists lived primarily in the Midi; about 200,000 Lutherans accompanied by some Calvinists lived in the newly acquired Alsace, where the 1648 Treaty of Westphalia effectively protected them. Then he imposed penalties, closed Huguenot schools and excluded them from favoured professions. Page 168. Remnant communities of Camisards in the Cvennes, most Reformed members of the United Protestant Church of France, French members of the largely German Protestant Reformed Church of Alsace and Lorraine, and the Huguenot diaspora in England and Australia, all still retain their beliefs and Huguenot designation. In the Manakintown area, the Huguenot Memorial Bridge across the James River and Huguenot Road were named in their honour, as were many local features, including several schools, including Huguenot High School. William formed the League of Augsburg as a coalition to oppose Louis and the French state. But it was not until 31 December 1687 that the first organised group of Huguenots set sail from the Netherlands to the Dutch East India Company post at the Cape of Good Hope. [116] John Arnold Fleming wrote extensively of the French Protestant group's impact on the nation in his 1953 Huguenot Influence in Scotland,[117] while sociologist Abraham Lavender, who has explored how the ethnic group transformed over generations "from Mediterranean Catholics to White Anglo-Saxon Protestants", has analyzed how Huguenot adherence to Calvinist customs helped facilitate compatibility with the Scottish people.[118].