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Volvox colony appears in the rainy season. They develop numerous pyrenoids increase in size and behave as reproductive cells. One of the most-common species, V. aureus, can form harmful algal blooms in warm waters with a high nitrogen content. [1] In 1856 its sexuality was described by Ferdinand Cohn and is the same as Sphaeroplea annulina. [In this image] A volvox somatic cell is pear-shaped with distinct anterior and posterior poles.The anterior pole possesses a photosensitive eyespot and two flagella that make it possible for the colony to move towards the light. [In this image] Packages of sperm cells are developing in a male Volvox colony.Photo source: microscopy-uk.org.uk, [In this image] Fertilized egg cells develop into hypnozygotes with a hard protective layer. Protoplast contains a basal cup-shaped chloroplast with several pyrenoids (Volvox aureus) or plate-shaped with a single pyrenoid (Volovox globator), a central nucleus, reddish-brown eyespot surrounded by a plasma membrane. This is why the sexual reproduction of Volvox usually starts at the end of summer. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); You can call me Aron and by profession, I am an academic educator in plant sciences. They act as excretory organs. Volvox aureus Ehrenb. The zygote secretes a three-layered (exospore, mesospore, and endospore) thick wall. Volvox form spherical or oval hollow colonies that contain some 500 to 60,000 cells embedded in a gelatinous wall and that are often just visible with the naked eye. The oogonium is an enlarged, more or less flask-shaped structure. The sperm then fertilizes the eggs, and the eggs are released back into the water until they hatch and mature. They live in a variety of freshwater habitats, and were first reported by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1700. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The oogonial cell enlarges considerably and discards its flagella and protoplasmic connections with the neighboring cells. The decision depends on the environmental conditions. During germination outer two wall layers becomes gelatinous and the inner layer forms a vesicle which later on gets filled with the zygote protoplast. In fact, Volvox is also a model organism that helps scientists to study embryogenesis, morphogenesis, and cellular differentiation. Corrections? Antherozoid enters into the oogonium through this end. The posterior half of the coenobium forms some specialized enlarged cells or gametangia which may be either the female sex organs (oogonia) or the male sex organ (antheridia). 3.16 A). Your email address will not be published. The Volvox cell is single, ovoid or spherical in shape which contains two flagella and it appears like a minute floating ball of a pinhead size. Volvox is a polyphyletic genus of chlorophyte green algae in the family Volvocaceae. In the anterior portion, the cells of the colony remain only vegetative and comparatively smaller. A Volvox cell is typical of the Chlamydomonas type in structure (except for a few like V. rouseletti and V. globator, which are of the Sphaerella type). With the help of inversion, the anterior end of the cells changes its position from inner to outer, and the position of the phialopore becomes reversed, i.e., it changes its position from outer to inner. Each individual cell possesses a red eyespot on its surface. The male gametes are spindle-shaped, narrow with a pair of apical cilia, and are produced in bunches within the antheridium. It is one of the planktonic organisms, which help to colour the water of the pond green. The cell cluster in the center is a group of reproductive germ cells.Photo source: microscopy-uk.org.uk. The zygote is liberated by the disintegration of the gelatinous matrix of the parent colony and remains dormant for a long period. Volvoxes can reproduce both asexually and sexually. It was originally described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 work Systema Naturae. The middle layer is known as mesopore while the inner layer is endospore. Volvox is a genus of green algae. After this, the cells develop flagella and the daughter colony escapes by moving through a pore-like opening at the free face of the sac. The protoplasmic strands may be thin and delicate in V. aureus, round in V. globator, wedge-shaped in V. mononae, or may be absent as in V. tertius. The oogonial initial enlarges, loses its flagella, the eyespot disappears, and develops into an oogonium. It is for this reason that all the colonies collected at a time are either asexual or sexual. Asexual reproduction occurs through specialized, enlarged cells called gonidia. They also act as a part of the food chain which makes them an important component of the food items of many aquatic organisms such as fish. After fertilization (plasmogamy and karyogamy), a diploid zygote or oospore is formed. Contractile vacuoles act as excretory organs to regulate the water level of the cell. Only one antherozoid fuses with the egg and results in the formation of an oospore. The beating direction of a ciliary-type waveform can be determined from the appearance of a typical hook shape in a series of waveforms. The colony is hollow, spherical or oval in shape and the size of colony is about the size of a pin head. A large volvox colony could be as big as a pinhead size. The cells have distinct anterior and posterior poles. Its difficult to comprehend how such a small organism can have such a large impact on the world that we live in. (A) A colony consists of over 2,000 cells. . As the in-folding of a posterior portion (invagination) begins to push through phialopore. During the spring and rainy seasons, the water surface becomes green due to its rapid growth. V. aureus is usually heterothallic, but it can also be homothallic. It is found in freshwater as green balls of a pinhead size. Volvox is a genus of green algae and they form colonies having thousands of cells. This is why a volvox moves like a rolling ball. antique biology zoology image: cell colony of volvox globator - volvox stock illustrations. The outer wall and exospore may be smooth, (V. globator) or spiny (V. speematospaera). anterior-posterior plane of the coenobium. As an Amazon Associate, I earn from qualifying purchases. The Natural History of Model Organisms: From molecular manipulation of domesticated, Volvox, one of the 7 Wonders of the Micro World by Wim van Egmond, The Biology of Molds (Moulds) classification, characteristics, structure and types, Facts about Amoeba, structure, behavior and reproduction, Introduction to Cell Culture The Foundation of Biotechnology, The Secret of Bird Feathers Whats a Feather Look Like Under a Microscope?, 6 Science Humor Images That Make You Smile. The spring and rainy seasons are the usual periods of volvoxs active vegetative growth. His love for science and all things microscopic moves him to share everything he knows about microscopy and microbiology. The antherozoids are then, set free. or spiny (V. spermatophora). In outline, the individual cell of volvox resembles Chlamydomonas. The movement of the colony is brought about by the joint action of the flagella of individual cells. Classes, orders, families, and genus are all narrowed down even further based on similar traits until we finally get to a single species.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'microscopeclarity_com-banner-1','ezslot_10',124,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-microscopeclarity_com-banner-1-0'); Since Volvox is a genus, they can further be broken down into species. nagariensis and V. globator. Volvox aureus) (coenobium-plant body has a fixed number of cells, e.g., Pandorina moruma, number of cells are 4, 8, 16 or 32. Many such colonies may form in a coenobium. Volvox diverged from its unicellular predecessors approximately 200 million years ago. Prior to the division, the gonidia are slightly pushed into the interior of the colony and can be distinguished as a row of vegetative cells by their larger size, rounded shape, absence of flagella and eyespot, prominent nucleus, several pyrenoids, and densely granular cytoplasm. They are just visible to the naked eyes, about 0.5 mm. Volvox globator, on the other hand, has zygotes that are star-shaped. In some cases, the same colony may bear both asexual and sexual cells. It grows as plankton on the surface of water bodies like temporary and permanent freshwater tanks, ponds, pools, and lakes. Optimal medium: Alga-Gro Freshwater (item #153752) or Soil-Water (item #153785). These are just four of the 20 species of Volvox currently classified. Continue longitudinal divisions of daughter cells occur simultaneously and produce several cell generations. Leeuwenhoek wrote that they were, a very pleasant sight and that he did fancy at first that they were animals. Besides doing teaching stuff youll find me writing about plants here on Botnam. Volvox is not an individual but an association of a number of similar cells, of which each functions like an independent individual and carries out its own nutrition, respiration, and excretion and shows no cooperation between the cells in these functions. Gloeotrichia grows in a filamentous body up to ~ 2 mm in size.Photo source: wikiif(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'rsscience_com-leader-2','ezslot_21',112,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-rsscience_com-leader-2-0'); The Natural History of Model Organisms: From molecular manipulation of domesticated Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to survival in natureVolvox, one of the 7 Wonders of the Micro World by Wim van Egmond. All Volvox species within the section Volvox exhibit type B inversion (see Additional File 1). This article is intended on giving you a deeper understanding of the green algae known as the Volvox. Their anterior ends face the center of the sphere. After releasing from the coenobium by disintegrating the gelatinous matrix, the zygote settles down at the bottom of the water body and may remain intact for several years. Volvox move very slowly to it is easy to observe them at very high magnifications. So, in a nutshell, you and I are gonna have a chit-chat about plants, their life, and how these fascinating creatures help us. Initially, the gonidium undergoes longitudinal division into the plane of the colony and forms 2 cells. Volvox globator L. NCBI BLAST name: green algae Rank: species Genetic code: Translation table 1 (Standard) Mitochondrial genetic code: Translation table 1 (Standard) Volvox is classified in the class Chlorophyceae due to the presence of chlorophyll. Such coenobium consists of a smaller number of cells that reproduces asexually for the next six or more generations, every time increasing the number in the succeeding generations. Volvox globator is a species of chlorophytes in the family Volvocaceae. The antherozoids are liberated in groups at the time of fertilization and these remain intact till they reach the egg. These 8 cells are arranged in such a manner that their concave inner surface face toward the outer side of the colony to form a curved plate-like structure. The coenobium may be homothallic or heterothallic based on species. Each coenobium is an ellipsoid or hollow sphere body with exactly marked delicate mucilage definite layer. Each cell performs all the metabolic functions independently such as respiration, photosynthesis, excretion, etc. The growth is abundant when temperature and organic matter are available in sufficient quantity. They choose to live within nutrient-rich water and grow rapidly in the warmth. A sex-inducing pheromone is also capable of triggering an asexual or sexual reproduction. Lastly, the pheromone may also be given off if the Volvox is wounded. After completion of the inversion, the cells generate a gelatinous cell wall, flagella, and an eyespot. The daughter colonies inside the parental one are ready to release. Volvox cell is enclosed by a cell wall and plasma membrane. As with many microorganisms, Volvox was thought to have been first observed by a Dutch businessman turned scientist named Antoine Philips van Leeuwenhoek over 300 years ago. Volvox, genus of some 20 species of freshwater green algae (division Chlorophyta) found worldwide. It exists as a grand spherical colony. The pheromone is mostly given off as a result of heat shock which is facilitated by oxidative stress. Volvox diverged from unicellular ancestors approximately 200 million years ago. Some specialized cells at the posterior end of the coenobium enlarge in size, withdraw their flagella and develop into reproductive bodies called gametangia. Sexual reproduction is of the oogamous type, and the coenobia may be homothallic (e.g., V. globator) or heterothallic (e.g., V. aureus). Volvox form spherical or oval hollow colonies that contain some 500 to 60,000 cells embedded in a gelatinous wall and that are often just visible with the naked eye. Common species are Volvox aureus, Volvox globator, Volvox carteri, and Volvox barberi, etc. 2. The anterior pole possesses photosensitive eyespots that make it possible for the colony to move towards the light. In this case, the male colony produces lots of sperm packets while the female colony releases oogamete or ovum. Required fields are marked *. In some abnormal cases, the inversion does not take place at all as reported in V. minor. Volvox is widely studied to understand the process of morphogenesis. All Volvox species within the section Volvox exhibit type B inversion (see Additional File 1). As a result, the daughter colony develops. During germination, the diploid zygote nucleus (2n) undergoes meiosis to form 4 haploid cells. These flagella face the side of the surrounding water and beat to propel the whole colony through the water. Leeuwenhoek also discovered many other microscopic organisms, such as rotifers and paramecia, by using his simple microscopes. Structure of Volvox: Volvox thallus is a motile colony with definite shape and number of cells. Omissions? It gets curved with its concave surface facing outwards. The colony consists of thousands of zooids (somatic cells . In this case, all cells are held together to form a new daughter colony. Historie, svtov mty a legendy. If you close your iris diaphragm more than you normally would at high magnification you will also be able to clearly see the flagella and the motion that enables them to move in a circular motion.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'microscopeclarity_com-leader-1','ezslot_12',137,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-microscopeclarity_com-leader-1-0'); Because of their spherical shape it can be difficult to get a clear picture of the entire cell unless you have some good flat field corrected objective lenses. Although not capable of reproduction, somatic cells are mobile and serve their own unique purpose. Gonidia are asexual reproductive cells. This habit of thallus is called coenobium. The mature Volvox colony contains two separate cell types namely germ cells of the smaller number and numerous flagellated somatic cells. 'Algae. In fact, the cell junction functions in the same way between our heart muscle cells to make our heart beat as a whole! PubMed. Plakea takes the shape of a hollow sphere at the end of the 16-celled stage. Some Volvox species are monoecious (only one sex) whilst others are dioecious (with two separate sexes). Linnaeus classified the Volvox in the order Zoophyta within the class Vermes. Due to the chemotactic stimulation, they get attracted to the surface of oogonium. in diameter. The sex-inducing pheromone is thought to have been key in the Volvox surviving through long periods of drought and extreme heat. This group of cells then undergoes inversion through the phialopore, resulting in the normal pattern of the colony being achieved. The reproductive cells are grouped at the rest side. [In this image] Volvox carteri under ultraviolet light.Photo source: Microbe wiki. They further undergo multiple mitotic cell division to form a colony and the life cycle continues. In Volvox, sexual reproduction is of the oogamous type. They can live in a variety of freshwater habitats, including ponds, pools, and ditches. The flagella project outside the surface of the coenobium into the surrounding water. Volvox, genus of some 20 species of freshwater green algae (division Chlorophyta) found worldwide. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. There are about 20 species belonging to these genera. I am seaking to reveal the relation between local cellular changes and global deformations. Each colony may consist of 500-50,000 cells. This means that Volvox are capable of converting sunlight into energy as primary producers. The stress may cause damage to the Volvoxs DNA. Study the coordinated flagellar movement of the motile colonies of Volvox aureus with the immature daughter colonies represented by the dark circles, This article was most recently revised and updated by, Meet the Microbes: 5 Tiny Protozoans and Algae, https://www.britannica.com/science/Volvox, Academia - Volvox (Chlorophyta, Volvocales) as a Model Organism in Developmental Biology. Asexual colonies of Volvox consist of both somatic and gonidia cells. Your Mobile number and Email id will not be published. link to Anabaena: Classification and Characteristics, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27039854/, https://academic.oup.com/jhered/article/105/1/143/858312, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5765864/, https://www.reference.com/science/volvox-eat-3bd9708e98b05171#:~:text=The%20volvox%20primarily%20eats%20through,consists%20primarily%20of%20other%20algae. 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Anabaena is a genus of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria that exist as plankton. Thousands of cells together form colonies. The inversion of the colony beginswith the formation of a constriction opposite toPhialopore. Volvox is a free-floating freshwater planktonic green alga of the class Chlorophyceae. Volvox can be attacked and eaten by tiny microscopic animals like Roifers; Little creatures such as Volvox are small enough to sneak out of their predators stomach. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The oosphere possesses a parietal chloroplast, pyrenoids, and a centrally placed large nucleus. After fertilization, the zygote develops a thick wall around it. There are some 20 freshwater species of Volvox which prefer to live in colonies with up to 60,000 cells by making a gelatinous wall. Click Start Quiz to begin! To coordinate the movement of flagella between individual volvox cells to beat in unison, all the vegetative cells on the surface are connected to their nearest neighbors by protoplasmic bridges. They are an important part of the aquatic ecosystem as primary producers. The other species of the genus Volvox and the generaEudorina and Pleodor-ina constitute another, much larger, monophyletic group, In some volvox species, these mucilaginous walls may fill up the internal space of the sphere.These superficial cells are also called vegetative cells or somatic cells. They drop their flagella; become rounded in shape; contain dense cytoplasm and lie within a jelly sac that projects towards the inside of the colony. It was originally described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 work Systema Naturae. Some species are homothallic or monoecious (e.g., V. globator), where the antheridia and oogonia develop in the same colony. When and Where was Volvox First Discovered? Volvox globator is a species of green algae of the genus Volvox. They believed the secret of how multicellular organisms came from is there. The phialopore which now shows a number of folds gradually becomes closed. The number of germ cells is less than somatic cells and locate in the center of the sphere.Inside the vegetative cell, there is a nucleus, a cup-shaped chloroplast, several contractile vacuoles (water-regulating), and other cell organelles. A phylum is the first attempt at narrowing down the list of organisms based on a physical similarity, which suggests that there is a common ancestry among similar organisms. Next, a pore called the phialopore is formed at the anterior pole of the daughter colony, when the cell division stops. For example, the change in Volvox cell shape during inversion happens in a process analogous to animal gastrulation (an embryo forming its gut). API Stress Coat vs Tap Water Conditioner: Which Is Better Choice! The plant body of Volvox is a motile coenobium (a colony with a definite shape and number of cells). The eyespot controls the movement of the flagella as they are photoreceptive organs. Each cell has a pair of whip-like flagella. From there, they invert themselves so that their insides are positioned outwards. The middle layer is mesospore and the inner is the endospore. Pyrenoid is a protein body in the chloroplasts of algae that produce and store starch. Each individual cell is attached to each other with cytoplasmic strands. Mature sperm cells detach from the parent colony and swim towards egg cells. In 1700, van Leeuwenhoek wrote a letter that revolved around parasitic worms in sheep livers, gnats, and the excrements of frogs. Each cell measured about 15-25 m in length. The Volvox colonies are asexual which produce daughter colonies within the parent colony. Each of the daughter cells, thus formed, again divides length-wise so that an eight-cell plate is formed. They drop their flagella, become rounded in outline, contain dense cytoplasm and lie within the globose mucilaginous sac which projects towards the inside of the colony. Within the genus Volvox, two main modes of embryo inversion have been recently established during the asexual developmental cycleinversion of type A and inversion of type Brepresented by the two species most thoroughly studied, respectively, Volvox carterif. They occur in temporary and permanent freshwater tanks, ponds, pools, ditches, etc. Asexual reproduction occurs under favorable conditions during spring and early summer. Dioecious colonies have a sex assigned to them, whether male or female. Depending upon the species of Volvox the cells can be 500-60,000. Each classification is further explained below as it related to the Volvox: Volvox are commonly found within deep ponds, lagoons, puddles, ditches, swales, and more. So a colony consists of two types of cells: reproductive cells and somatic cells. At the same time, the phialopore becomes enlarged, through which the lower part comes out and the edges of the phialopore hang backward. Volvox is a group of multicellular green flagellated algae and was originally described by Linnaeus (1758), with the type species V. globator (Ehrenberg 1838, Farr and Zijlstra 2012). In 2011, Hhn and Armin Hallmann [8] obtained, at different stages of inversion, the cross-sectional shape of the V. globator embryos. It accumulates enough haematochrome (Red color pigment granules probably xanthophyll in nature) which gives it an orange-colored appearance. Each vegetative cell has two flagella and is attached to each other with cytoplasmic strands. These reproductive cells are recognizable bytheir larger size, prominent nucleus, dense granular cytoplasmic content, more pyrenoids, and lack of flagella. Volvoxes evolved from single-cellular Chlamydomonas ancestors approximately 200 million years ago, during the Triassic period. Sperm cells lack cell walls but have two flagella. If you pick up a handful of pond scum and squeeze out the water, youll likely see the Volvox swimming upwards towards the light. The entire colony rolls over the surface of the water. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'biologyeducare_com-leader-4','ezslot_13',107,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-biologyeducare_com-leader-4-0');Sexual reproduction of Volovx is of oogamous type. They are produced fewer in number. The central cytoplasm possesses mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosome, dictyosomes, etc. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. redrola: (via sunnie) 30 01 23. It contains two contractile vacuoles, a nucleus, a cup-shaped chloroplast with pyrenoids, and an eyespot. Volvox can be found in ponds, puddles, and bodies of still fresh water throughout the world. If you have never observed Volvox under the microscope I would highly recommend seeking these microorganisms out because they are extremely interesting to observe in action. The two flagella are equal, whiplash-type, and are attached to the anterior end. They can be dioecious or monoecious. Other species (e.g., V. rouseletii) are heterothallic or dioecious, as antheridia and oogonia develop in separate colonies.